Outline Some of the Key Issues in Education Today Essay

Outline Some of the Key Issues in Education Today - Essay Example Currently, measures of ensuring that all children acquire appropriate education relevant to the prevailing conditions has become of more importance than ever before. Consequently, numerous issues have emerged in the education sector. Some of the major issues include provision of universal education to all children through polices such as Every Child Matters and educating students on global citizenship in order to improve their ability to function in a globalised world. The modern education is faced with several challenges that undermine provision of the appropriate skills and knowledge to the learners. Boyer and Hamil (2008) indentified three main challenges affecting the education sector in developed and developing world. These problems include lack of well motivated teachers, which contribute to high attrition rate, lack of adequate parental involvement in learning of their children and poor reading habits among the students in education institutions (Boyer and Hamil, 2008). These shortcomings have elicited various reactions from educational policy makers, resulting to formulation of policies aimed at addressing the problem. Teaching as a profession is demanding and characterised by immense responsibilities which the society places upon the teachers. In spite of the heavy responsibilities, Altshuler, (2003) notes that teachers are not adequately motivated to perform under such demanding environment, leading to high rate of attrition and declining interest in the profession. Various research studies have been conducted to investigate the duration of service of teachers in the profession. A study conducted by Boling and Evans (2008) in United States established that forty six percent of teachers in the country quit the profession after less than five years. This trend is more pronounced in urban areas where about half of the entire professional workforce quit the profession for other careers (Boling, C., and Evans, 2008). Another study by Boyer and Hamil (2008) established that over ninety percent of newly recruited teachers are hired to replace those who quit the profession because of other reasons except retirement. High teacher attrition has various adverse effects on education. Some of the effects include straining the available resources allocated for the education sector. Boyer and Hamil (2008) noted that schools spend considerable amounts of financial resources while searching and recruiting new teachers, a situation that drains their budgetary allocations considerably. Uradan, Solek, and Schoenfelder (2007) estimated that schools in United States spend about $ 7 billion annually in the process of recruiting, hiring and retaining teachers in the country. These financial resources could be invested in other important academic ventures, such as investing in modern technology and purchasing of other necessary teaching resources. High teacher turnover rate undermines the quality of education provided to the children. Bransford, et al ( 2009)argue that the trend denies the profession considerable skills, when well trained and experienced teachers leave the profession for other pursuits. Consequently students receive poor quality education, which ultimately undermines their future progress. Ward and Eden (2009) attributed the high rate of teacher attrition to working in a demoralising but demanding environ

Identifying and Explaining Physical skills and Physical techniques Essay Example for Free

Identifying and Explaining Physical skills and Physical techniques Essay Physical Skills * Arm height * Head position * Speed of arm rotations during delivery * Ability to bowl for extended periods of time * Speed of the run up Arm Height Effects of High Actions: * Extra bounce than usual * Extra pace and sometimes bowlers are able to skid the ball too * Extra Balance in the delivery stride * Extra accuracy, if the bowler has a side on action notably. Head Position This shows a delivery side on. The head position of this player is kept facing the target, straight and steady at all times. Focusing on the target will provide the following things: * The delivery will ultimately go where targeted at * No possible injuries to the neck; any sudden jerks will stretch the neck muscles and sometimes will result in strains and tears * It will help in the momentum and balance in the delivery stride Speed of Shoulder Rotations If a player wants to bowl quickly, the main aspects of bowling quickly is 1. The speed of which the shoulder rotates and 2. An explosive action. Shoaib Ahktar, for example, has both of these and bowls with tremendous pace, the rotations of his shoulder allow him to exceed speeds of over 9Omph each delivery. Ability to bowl for extended periods of time In this scorecard of a 1938 Test Match, M G Waite, a single bowler bowls 72 overs. In doing this requires massive Cardiovascular Endurance, Stamina and Motivation. Two other bowlers bowled over 😠¯ between them, but these bowlers were spinners. M G Waite was most likely to be a seam bowler so this type of bowler must be prepared for extensive bowling, including breaks at intervals though. Speed of the run up Fast bowlers such as Dennis Lillie and Michael Holding all ball with outstanding pace and to do this they must have a source: The Run Up. Both these bowlers have unusually long run ups, Dennis Lillies at 47 paces and Michael Holdings at 5O. Cardiovascular Endurance and Stamina play a big part in maintaining there pace and consistency The run up of these bowlers should be Smooth, Balanced, Economical, Rhythmic and Consistent. * Small steps initially; led to larger strides * The body leans forward * The arms stay close to the body * The hands remain in motion, carried above the waistband and the within the width of the trunk * The head remains steady, with the eyes fixed on the target.

Seeking Economic Growth with Long Run Interest

Seeking Economic Growth with Long Run Interest Pursuit of economic growth For any country, in order to develop it is essential that it has to produce many goods and services. Economic growth is the main target that every country is aiming for. However, the road for the growth of economics for any country has its gains and problems. This essay will examine the advantages and the disadvantages of pursuing the economic growth in the long run interest. In order to examine to topic, it is important to how to measure economic growth and why economic growth of a country happens. Economic growth is measured by the annual percentage rate of a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is determined by the market value of goods and services which are manufactured by the economy during a certain period of time. It is considered to be â€Å"the most fundamental indicator of an economy’s health† (The guardian, 2006)(1). For example, United Kingdom, which is a developed country, has a GDP level of 2.472 trillion dollar by 2012 (Worldbank)(2). The main reason of economic growth is the consistent growth of demand. This can be caused by an massive growth of money expenditure. This is because if the government lowered interest rates to try and make people buy more and spend less. People will go out and borrow money to buy houses and cars, which they would normally not be able to afford because their income cannot help the m to pay with normal interest. This results in economic growth. However, this only can help countries to pursuit economic growth in the short run. In order to pursuit in the long run, there are number of requirement that needs to be met. Firstly, natural resources are important, especially land. If a country has many natural resources, this will give it a strong boost in the pursuit. Secondly, in a world nothing is free; it is required capital to pursuit the growth. Thirdly, the greater the level of growth, the more demand from the labour. Government need to spend more government expenditure (taxes) on education in order to help people to have more business skills, which is essential in the long run. Every issue always has two-side. Economic growth also has benefits and drawbacks. On the one hand, there are a number of advantages for pursuit economic growth. First, economic growth helps the people to increase their income. The more economic growth gets, the higher demand for labour require producing more goods and services, which means more job opportunities. Economic growth will make people want to consume more. If the rate of population growth is smaller than economic growth outstrips population growth, real income per head will be increased. This may result to a higher level of consumption of goods and services which is required to satisfy because people now have more money to spend. Consequently, higher expectations will begin to appear. Organisations will need more investment in order to improve their productivity. Investment is required to make improvements and make the obsolete disappear. The more economy grows the more investment it will attract because country with high GDP rate brings more confidence to investors. Because of the rise in demand, the level of output will be increased. In order to meet the targets, firms will need more labour workforce. Therefore, more people will be employed so people .Consequently, people are able to afford higher quality goods and service to satisfy their needs. Furthermore, the level of unemployment will be reducing due to the higher outcome manufacturer require more labour forces. Secondly, economic growth also improves better standards of living. With the increase of consumption of goods and services, society gets more money to improve standards of living. Economic growth helps government to differentiate income from the rich to the poor without losing. The money gained from taxes can be used to fight against poverty and improve services. Government can spend more money on public services such as National Health Care (NHS), education and the environment†¦ With more money which is spent on health care servi ce, this improves quality of life through treating diseases and life expectancy. With the increase quality of health care, people can live longer. Therefore, it is possible to produce more goods and services. Education is the most crucial determinant element of welfare. The more money is spent on education, the higher goods and services organisations can manufacture due to higher degree of workforce. Furthermore, education makes people understand the importance of preserving the environment. When people became richer, people are able to afford to take care of the environment. People are more concerned about the environment where they are living. Therefore, new regulations have been introduced by the government to ensure that people have a clean environment (for example, the Clean Air Act to prevent the Great Smog in 1952 from happening again). With the increase of real GDP, people can use more resource to limit the use of natural resources and promote renewable resources. The govern ment can promote recycling through education. However, economy growth still has downside despite its advantages. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that there are a number of disadvantages because of economic growth. Firstly, the risk of high inflation always comes with economic growth. If demand is more than supply, this will make the price set to increase. This happens to most developing countries with high population level. India is a good example to examine. India is one of countries which has high population level and has a booming economy. However, with the high demand which is more than supply the price has been risen. Therefore, manufactures with higher cost have to raise the price of their goods and services too. It is said that â€Å"India has been struggling to control what is Asias highest inflation level, which was running at about 10% last year† (bbc, 2014)(3). This make rupee which is currency of India loses its value by 14%. Two-third of the population of India only has two dollars to spend a day. Due to the lack of income, people in India have to consume less goods a nd services, which may lead the close down of factories. This make the unemployment level go up significantly. This may leads to an increase in crime However, if the factories are not closed, people will have work more hours to produce more goods to reach the point that supply is equal to demand. Consequently, this will make employees upset. In order to deal with the rise of inflation, the Indian government has to increase the interest rate (ft, 2014).(4) Therefore, the inflation will fall. This will helps the Indian government in order to lower the demand, which will make price go down. Secondly, economic growth might cause unemployment. In order to produce more goods and services, people are always looking for new ways to increase productivity. This makes the economy become more industrial. Therefore, no matter how talent employees are or have many years of experiment, they will always become obsolete. Also, with development of technology machines now can manufacture more than hum an, which is reduced cost in the long run. Therefore, old obsolete job will be replaced by new job. This may result in high unemployment rate. Thirdly, economic growth may make the gap between the rich and the poor become wider. People who have high level of skills will look for job which pay them most in order to be satisfied. Therefore, people always tend to go to developed country so they have can have the job they want. For example, people who have high level of experiment will not stay at Greece which is in crisis and look for job opportunities. They will go to other developed countries such as United Kingdom, Germany, or Spain in order to get the job which they want. Consequently, developed countries always have more and better staff than developing countries. So, developed countries will always produce more goods and services. This makes the gap between them become wider. Finally, economic growth always results in pollution. With the demand to produce more natural resources w ill be forced to be run out. The resource of the world is limited. For example, trees will be cut down more in order to build more factories to manufacture, which leads to deforestation. Therefore, the level of CO2 which is released into the atmosphere will increase significantly. It cannot be denied the global warming has become one of the most serious environmental issues that we have to deal with. Because of the rise of temperature, the Arctic ice has melted. Consequently, this threats not only to coral reefs worldwide but also to land resources, which means we will have less land to use. In order to pursuit economic growth, both developed and developing have already damaged the environment. Most of the developing countries used to have problems with air pollution. For example, in 1952, England had suffered air pollution. The smog had killed many people. To prevent this disaster from happening again in the future, the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968. It is said that â€Å"these acts banned emissions of black smoke and decreed residents of urban areas and operators of factories must convert to smokeless fuels† (metoffice).(5)For developing countries, water pollution is the main problem. Many factories decided to reduce their cost by pouring industrial waste into the river. For example, in 2008, the authority had discovered that Vedan Vietnam which is a company produce monosodium glutamate (MSG) had been illegally released wastewater in Thi Vai River for 14 years, which killed the river’s system. This results not only in the death of thousands shrimps and fish of farmers but it also ruined farmland along side of the river. Furthermore, it affected the health the farmers who live near river.(abc,2010).(6) In conclusion, after examine the benefits and drawbacks of pursuit economic growth, continuing growth in the economy would let the countries to gain many potential benefits such as raising the living standards, reducing the level of unemployment and attract more investment into the country. Nether less, it cannot be denied it has many drawbacks. However in saying this, different circumstances and scenarios require different approaches. Every country must pursuit economic growth with the right pace. If the growth goes too rapid, the risk of high inflation rate will become higher. Therefore, the governments play an important role in the pursuit in the long run. They needs to spend more money on public sector such transport, communication and health care. They also need to control the interest rate to prevent the inflation rate from going up too high. And finally, strict regulations need to be introduced in order to preserve the environment and it is crucial to invest more money into re search alternative in order that alternative energy will replace natural energy. Reference Sally Bolton and Stefanie Khaw. (2006).economic growth.Available: http://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/jul/10/ukeconomy.globalrecession. Last accessed 16th feb 2014. Available at http://data.worldbank.org/country/united-kingdom. Last accessed 16th feb 2014. India raises interest rates rise to stem inflation.Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25923743. Last accessed 16th feb 2014. Amy Kazmin. (2014).India raises interest rates to combat inflation.Available: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/18dc0d04-87e7-11e3-a926-00144feab7de.html#axzz2tcm66adN. Last accessed 16th feb 2014. The Great Smog of 1952.Available: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/education/teens/case-studies/great-smog. .Last accessed 16th feb 2014 bo hill. (2010).Firm pays up after pollution destroyed river.Available: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-08-12/firm-pays-up-after-pollution-destroyed-river/942224. Last accessed 16th feb 2014 lipsey chrystal (2011).economics. 12th ed. oxford: oxford university press. 601-624.

Property in Second Treatise of Civil Government and Robinson Crusoe Ess

Property in Second Treatise of Civil Government and Robinson Crusoe  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Both John Locke's Second Treatise of Civil Government and Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe deal with the question of property. In these two texts, the following questions arise: when does common property become an individual's property; and what factors make the appropriation of property justifiable or not? These questions may be answered by looking at each author's political views, followed by how they are incorporated in their work. Locke outlines the procedures for the transition of property to private ownership, while Defoe details the way Crusoe appropriates property (i.e., food, accommodations, and slaves) during the course of his stay on the deserted island. However, in order to really examine the question of ownership, it first must be established how property was viewed during Locke's and Defoe's eras. Property was "a revolutionary force in the seventeenth century" (Larkin 56). A dictionary from that time period distinguished an individual's property by "its independence from others' control, defining it as 'the highest right that a man hath or can have to anything, which is no way depending vpon any other mans courtesie'" (Harris 224). Property was widely distributed in England during Locke's life (Larkin 57). Since it was natural to associate political authority with property during the seventeenth century, Locke's theory of property was "seated with a view to politics" (Harris 226; Larkin 57). His Treatise of Civil Government was written after the civil war of 1642 (Larkin 57). Referring to property as that which individuals have "in themselves, and also in goods," Locke expressed the view that "the supreme power cannot take from ... ...   Works Cited Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York: Bantam Books, 1991. Harris, Ian. The Mind of John Locke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Larkin, Paschal. Property in the Eighteenth Century. New York: Howard Fertig Inc., 1969. Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government, The Works of John Locke. Vol. 5. London: Thomas Teggs et al., 1823. 352-367. Novak, Maximillian E. Defoe and the Nature of Man. London: Oxford University Press, 1963. Shinagel, Michael. Daniel Defoe and Middle-Class Gentility. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968. Simmons, A. John. The Lockean Theory of Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. Tully, James. A Discourse on Property: John Locke and His Adversaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. Welch, Dennis. Thesis Statement Feedback. 27 October, 1998.   

Long hair Essay

Loud, obnoxious, rebellious, out of control, and up to no good†¦ these are just a few of a wide number of stereotypes that are attributed to American teenagers. What is it about teenagers that make the rest of society seem to turn against them? I believe that there are many misconceptions about teenagers. Many people in different generations sincerely believe that all teenagers are up to no good, and are guaranteed trouble no matter where they are. Loud, obnoxious, rebellious, out of control, and up to no good†¦ these are just a few of a wide number of stereotypes that are attributed to American teenagers. What is it about teenagers that make the rest of society seem to turn against them? I believe that there are many misconceptions about teenagers. Many people in different generations sincerely believe that all teenagers are up to no good, and are guaranteed trouble no matter where they are. I am not arguing that teenagers like that don’t exist, because there are plenty of them out there, but it bothers me that one type of teenager has been able to spoil the image of all other teenagers. Personally I think that these stereotypes apply more to me because I am a male. In addition to being a male teenager, I also have noticed that people think negatively of me because I wear a longer hair style than what is typically expected in society. Some people grow long hair to show rebellion, or to be unique, but I wouldn’t classify myself into either of those categories, I simply enjoy having it more than short hair. But because of that, many members of society link certain stereotypes of male teenagers to me because I show long hair. I could be considered many different things including: rebellious, troubled, angry, arrogant, or any other sort of stereotype out there. How could anyone possibly claim to know all of these false accusations simply based on my age, and my gender? At times it can be bothersome when people take certain precautions around teenagers, because they believe that we are all reckless, and dangerous. Parents will cross to the opposite side of the street with their kids, people clear sidewalks when walking, other drivers tense up on the road, and all while this is happening, other people will keep one eye carefully watching, just to make sure that all of the rotten teenagers don’t do anything dangerous. I sometimes think that people see me and other teenagers as giant, shiny explosives that are about to detonate, so everyone else needs to distance themselves as much and as quickly as possible. Just because a teenager happens to be walking around outside, that should in no way trigger a response where people feel that it isn’t safe to be near teenagers. Although it does bother me, I can also see a point of view where I would do the same thing. If I saw someone outside that looked a little bit off-beat to me, I would most likely go a different path as well. However, that raises the question, why does society take in all of these stereotypes and live all of their lives believing false statements? All of it is ridiculous I believe. Anyone that knows me will be able to explain that I am the exact opposite of a stereotypical teenager, so no one should need to take precautions if they see me out somewhere. A stereotypical teenager would most likely be thought of being connected to alcohol, tobacco, and drugs in some way, shape, or form; I on the other hand do not do any of those things, and am strongly against them. Because I do not consider myself anywhere close to a stereotypical teenager, it does bother me when people mistake me for doing those types of activities. All of these common stereotypes don’t do any good for the people who actually work hard, and try to do something with their lives. For many people, stereotyping does more than just become a bothersome hassle. For a handful of teenagers, the effect of stereotyping makes them feel pressured into behaving like a stereotypical teenager. For example, some people do drugs and alcohol because they are expected to by society’s stereotypes, so someone may think, â€Å"Oh, I am a teenager now, I guess because other people are drinking then I have to as well. † I don’t even see peer pressure as that much of an issue here, people tend to start drinking or doing drugs voluntarily; more often than not, there isn’t peer pressure that is forcing them into doing something. And that creates an entire roundabout of madness. To simplify this; many people start acting like stereotypical teenagers, because they feel that they need to in order to be a â€Å"normal† teenager. But that in turn makes society cast out teenagers, when it is actually those same members of society who created these stereotypes for teenagers to follow. In reality, there are several statistics that illustrate a decline in teenage drug abuse, alcoholism, and teenage pregnancy, yet stereotypes still exist (Poole). Are all teenagers loud, obnoxious, rebellious, out of control, and up to no good? Obviously not, there is no way that every single teenager in the world could fit that description. And yet, society still labels every teenager in the world by a description very similar to that. The few teenagers that live a life similar to that have managed to destroy the image of every teenager that happens to be a good kid. It seems that hardworking, determined, and honest teenagers don’t have a place in the world anymore. They are out there, and ready to be noticed, but the rest of society has chosen to view them in the same manner as the bad crowds that exist in the teenage population. Quite strange, that the model teenager that is acceptable in society is not taken seriously. Why does society view superior teenagers that way? It is not only teenagers; it is everybody in the world. No person will ever be right in prejudicing someone, no matter who they are.

For school Essay

The New York City Marathon is acknowledged as one of the Greatest Races. The short races, like 100 to 10,000 meters are sports events—this marathon has evolved as a unifying force in USA. Fred Lebow, who chalked out the blue-print for this race, was a visionary and he succeeded in creating a unique connectivity within the people of cross-sections of the society. â€Å"Fred Lebow was a dreamer, the kind of dreamer who pursued his dream and made it a reality. And the world is still reaping the rewards. â€Å"(Rubin, 2004, p. 7) He foresaw the extraordinary commercial potentialities of this event, in which many thousands actively participated and some millions viewed, thanks to the technological advances and internet revolution. Lay people from the remotest countryside enjoyed the event live! In any race, only one is the final victor but the satisfaction derived by large numbers of participants donning colorful attires is also great. They have the special reason to be proud of, because they have participated in the NYC marathon of Fred Lebow! Why does it give the Big Apple its happiest and unifying day of the year? The expression â€Å"Big Apple† is as glorious as the popularity of the marathon. It refers to the era of Depression-of the 1930s. Many issues are associated with this name. The side-walk apple vendors are credited with extensively using this expression. A popular dance of the 1930s was also known as the â€Å"Big Apple. † The Morning Telegraph carried a regular column with the title, â€Å"Around the Big Apple. † It was immensely liked by the readers. The marketing strategists began to cash on the popularity of the expression, â€Å"Big Apple. † Its status enhanced to become a popular brand! Many consumer items like shopping bags, ties, lapel pins, ashtrays, tie tacks, magnets and T-shirts began to flood the market. Fred Lebow fully utilized the commercial aspect of â€Å"Big Apple† for his marathon. He made participation in the marathon race the ambition of life of every runner. He believed, â€Å"In running it doesn’t matter if you come in first, in the middle of the pack, or in the last. You can say, ‘I finished. ’ There is a lot of satisfaction in that. † Ron Rubin, the author of this book, is Professor of political science at Borough of Manhattan Community College. NYC marathon has united Americans of all categories and classes transcending man-made barriers. That which is popular with the youth of the country has to be popular at all levels. Lebow applied power, the central concept of political science, for his role in mass marketing, capturing the keys to the city, squeezing money from sponsors: One can not make the sweeping statement that Fred Lebow squeezed money from the sponsors. To secure money from the sponsors, who are marketing wizards and sales strategists, is no ordinary task. Lebow won over them with his expertise and guile. He outsmarted them by presenting the well-researched statistics as for the popularity of the marathon. The science of marketing was at the infancy in the 1970s, and without being a marketing expert in the professional sense, without any academic qualifications in marketing, what he did was indeed a marvel. Marketing experts had to accept defeat and accept his proposals. In the College of self-education, Lebow’s mind was his Principal; his initiative, the Professors; his hard work the tutors! He was a man to decide and act; start and finish! He was willing to work very hard to translate his marathon dream into a reality. The most important part of his style was he worked intelligently. Otherwise, how could he convert a small countryside sports exercise into a mega-event that demanded the attention and appreciation world over? He knew how power worked. How power can support and push up issues. Lebow hails from Romania. He immigrated to New York in 1949 and began to run by joining New York Road Runners. Perhaps he was thinking deep and high as he ran across the jogging tracks of Central Park, Manhattan! Power and high-pitched ambition with right attitudes, makes a great combination. When in 1969, he became the Club President Lebow knew what he was up to! This volunteer based leisure club became the business enterprise of Marathon. He set a profit target and was out to achieve it. For promoting the event, he made appropriate use of the print and the electronic media. He gave them ample quotes and real-life stories. He undertook all publicity gimmicks that helped the cause of the marathon. His capacity to inspire the common man was immense. And surprisingly he was not a competitive runner. He also ran with other runners and that did the trick! The 800-acre park race became the five boroughs race! The marathon turned out to be the â€Å"Apple City† event. The topics in the book covered by Ronald Ruben provide the correct picture as for the innovative marketing strategies followed by Lebow. He has been rightly labeled as a Showman, apart from a sports-loving individual. His marathon-show was to inspire the people; for benefit to the people; by the people and for the people! He groomed runners! Some of his boys proved to be outstanding marathon runners! The noticeable chapters in the book that speak about the personality and the marketing capacity of Lebow are, From Arad to Central Park, Framing a Five-Borough Party, King of New York for a Day â€Å"Running† the Show, Unschooled Mass Marketing, Wrestling the Keys to the City, Squeezing Money from Sponsors, Manipulating the Media, Shrewdly Assembling His International Entourage of Runners, Amassing a Crew to Help The Race to the Finish and finally and unfortunately, The Race against the Cancer! And finally ‘the nature said that the work is done’ and Lebow’s race was run! With undaunted spirit, and with never-say-die attitude, he ran the last mile of the race, as a brain cancer patient. The sportsperson spirit prevailed over his physical ailment. Lebow was a bachelor and he nursed the marathon like his own child. As a person, he was loveable, pushy, manipulative, charming and hotheaded –all clubbed into one! Lebow was a shrewd planner. He knew well that no big event can be managed without adequate resources. His mission, therefore, had a commission (money) angle! On the day of the marathon, he was unstoppable and was seen everywhere, from the beginning of the race to the finish! He was there at the starting line, made sure that the race went smoothly, and at the finish line he was the first one to congratulate all the runners. He made everybody feel important. He could well understand how the finishing line was emotionally important to every marathon runner. He dealt with the sponsors superbly. He tendered before them unchallengeable facts and figures, to prove to them how the sponsorship would work to their advantage. Here is the example of his extraordinary salesmanship. He quoted $75,000 for the honor of providing the pace vehicles for the male and female leaders. The proposal was promptly turned down by the party and the counter proposal that he made, showed how the sixth sense of Lebow worked. He offered to pay them $10,000 to appoint an independent market analyst, as for making the assessment of the benefit the company will derive of this exposure, of which Lebow would take 10%. He hoped to net $ 100,000 thus! The company relented and gave him $50,000 and the use of a Buick for one year! â€Å"Some are born great, some achieve greatness and some have greatness thrust upon ‘em. † (Shakespeare†¦. ) Fred Lebow belongs to the second category. He had a dream and he worked to make it a reality. He made the NYC marathon a mass movement and now half a million Americans run marathons all over USA. Top marketing Managers emulate his strategies. He instilled the sense of competition and fighting spirit among the common runner. The wise saying goes, ‘Life is to be lived in is trials and tribulations; its duty and beauty. ’ Lebow lived up to every syllable of this quote. â€Å"Fred Lebow was a dreamer†¦ the kind of dreamer who pursued his dream and made it a reality. And today, more than thirty years later, the world is still reaping the rewards of his vision and hard work†¦. Fred Lebow’s life was [truly] a story just waiting–and deserving–to be told. † (Rubin, 2004†¦Preface) Of the 69 marathons, he ran only once! Conclusion: One feels marathon race is part of one’s life, once you go through the contents of the book. â€Å"For me, running is a lifestyle and an art†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Lebow. He evolved the culture of marathon. He converted a sports event into a cultural and social saga and people looked forward and participated in it with extraordinary enthusiasm. This book, â€Å"†¦. T-Shirt† is no ordinary shirt. Below that shirt one can hear the throbbing beats of the References: Rubin, Ron (Author) Burke, William A(Foreword) Book: Anything For A T-shirt: Fred Lebow Paperback: 328 pages Publisher: Syracuse University Press (October 31, 2004) Language: English ISBN-10: 0815608063 ISBN-13: 978-0815608066 Shakespeare, William: Book: Twelfth Night, Act ii, Scene 5